Honors Honor Code And Academic Integrity - 1084 Words

Sara Frank Honor Council Practicum 21 November 2016 Princeton Honor Code and Academic Integrity Overview: Princeton University, a private Ivy League institution in New Jersey, consists of approximately 5,400 undergraduate students and 2,700 graduate students. Princeton’s Honor Code was created in 1893 and functions to uphold academic integrity at the university. They abide by an Honor Code Constitution that has been revised throughout the years. Students can access their rights in a document entitled Rights, Rules, and Responsibilities. The Honor Code applies to all in class assessments such as tests, quizzes, and in-class papers. Before students take exams, they pledge that they â€Å"will not attempt to give or receive an unfair advantage during examinations† and that they will report any â€Å"suspected violations† to the Honor Committee. Since they make this pledge, there are no faculty proctors in the examination rooms. The Honor Committee is currently comprised of eleven students. These students serve as investigators and deliberating members for violations. Work produced outside of the classroom, such as papers and other homework assignments, is controlled by the University’s Faculty-Student Committee on Discipline as opposed to the Honor Committee. The Office of the Dean of Undergraduate Students is in charge of both committees. When students are admitted to Princeton, they receive a letter from the chair or the Committee which explains the honor system. They are officiallyShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Academic Integrity1225 Words   |  5 PagesAcademic integrity continues to be an important issue of public concern especially in higher education institutions. There are countless articles that report students cheating on examinations, plagiarizing written assignments, and collaborating with others when such behavior is prohibited. Conversely, there are reports of viable honor systems that have been implemented in schools that make such unethical behavior less pervasive. Both of these extremes, beg the question whether an honor code, suchRead MoreAmerica Places A Heavy Emphasis On The Crime Of Stealing997 Words   |  4 Pagesenter academic institutions, they learn that stealing does not just mean taking material objects, such as your friends Go-Gurt, or candy from the corner store, it also applies to idea and thoughts. In other words, intellectual property. Crimes involving intellectual property include, plagiarism, cheating on an exam, and submitting work that is not your own. Academic institutions have waged war on academic dishonesty through several methods, but the main combative tool they use is an honor code. TheseRead MoreCheating: Academic Dishonesty and Honor Code974 Words   |  4 Pagesinclude creating an honor code, forms of punishment, and possibly a computer-integrated classroom. The terms by which an honor code are defined as are (taken from the article titled A Question of Honor), something that defines ethical academic conduct with the expectation that students will monitor their peers, report violations, and mete out penalties. An honor code needs to be created by the student body in order to be carried out successfully. By enforcing an honor code, there is a creationRead MoreEssay on Cheating966 Words   |  4 Pagesinclude creating an honor code, forms of punishment, and possibly a computer-integrated classroom. The terms by which an honor code are defined as are (taken from the article titled A Question of Honor), â€Å" something that defines ethical academic conduct with the expectation that students will monitor their peers, report violations, and mete out penalties.† An honor code needs to be created by the student body in order to be carried out successfully. By enforcing an honor code, there is a creationRead MoreAcademic Integrity Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesAcademic Integrity and Honor Codes in Schools In todays society, there is a trend being set by both college and high school students. The trend is moving from academic integrity to academic dishonesty. What exactly is the difference between academic integrity versus dishonesty? I believe that academic integrity is a state of pride and belief in ones own knowledge and work. It is taking what you know and applying it in a scholarly systematic way without help from any other source that would makeRead MoreThe Honor Code System : Is It Only A Void?944 Words   |  4 PagesWhere Honor Should Be, in Rockhurst There is Only a Void. The honor code is a set of rules used by high schools and colleges to prevent the students from cheating, stealing and plagiarizing. The honor code puts the responsibility of maintaining academic integrity on the student’s shoulders instead of those of the faculty. Ideally, this code works well because the students are trusted, monitored and held accountable by their peers. Unfortunately, in reality the honor code is not successful and canRead MoreThe Code Of The Honor Code System790 Words   |  4 PagesThe honor code is a set of rules used by high schools and colleges to prevent the students from cheating, stealing and plagiarizing. The honor code puts the responsibility of maintaining academic integrity on the student’s shoulders instead of those of the faculty. Ideally, this code works well because the students are trusted, monitored and held accountable by their peers. Unfortunately, in reality the honor code is not successful and actually allows for more cheating . Rockhurst High school is betterRead MoreAcademic Dishonesty Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesIn the past decade, professors across the country have noticed an alarming new trend—academic dishonesty is on the rise. More than half of college students surveyed admit to at least one instance of serious cheating in the past year (McCabe and Pavela). Information is incredibly easy to access on the Internet, and devices such as iPhones put that power, literally, into the palms of students’ hands. Many students entering universities today face extraordinary amounts of pressure for results academicallyRead MoreReflective Paper959 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Academic Honesty your name Class number Date Instructor Name Importance of Academic Honesty This paper will explain the importance of academic honesty in students’ life. â€Å"Academic honesty means the performance of all academic work without cheating, lying, dishonesty of any kind, getting any unauthorized assistance and favors from anyone† (Valdosta State University). Academic honesty helps to motivate students to become better human beings. It is very important aspect ofRead MoreWest Point Cheating Incident Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagescorporation depends primarily on the development and completion of its mission statement. In order to achieve success, make profits and remain competitive in today’s market. Most organizations accomplish its mission by hiring personnel with high integrity, trustworthy, and dedication. Organizations are proven to be more productive when there are employees who are totally committed to helping the company commitment for success. There are career fields which people put volunteer to put lives at risk

Teenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy - 1546 Words

Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the pregnancy ends. Low-income communities have the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the United States. Because of the fact that this is a very controversial issue in the United States, it is very important that most questions be addressed. Questions like, why is a teenage girl in Mississippi four times as likely to give birth as a teenage girl in New Hampshire? Or why is the teen birth rate in Massachusetts 19.6 per 1,000, while it’s 47.7 per 1,000 in Washington, D.C.? And why, despite a 40 percent drop over two decades, are teen moms still far more common in the US than elsewhere across the developed world? (Christian Science Monitor) All these questions surround the claim I’m making; teenage pregnancy is conjoined with a set of issues that require closer attention than it is receiving right now. Nationally, the birth rate for U.S. teens has plunged to record low levels, but a new analysis shows that a disproportionate share of teen births are in rural communities. In 2010, the birth rate for girls ages 15 to 19 in rural counties was 43 per 1,000, nearly one-third highe r than the rate for metropolitan counties (33 per 1,000), says a released report. Teenagers see the world in a different way than adults; their perception is sharper and they are more prone to engage in activities that don’t conform to society’s norms. Americans commonly believe that educational, social, medical, andShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1664 Words   |  7 PagesTerrazas English 4 Miss Stahlecker 4 November 2015 Teenage Pregnancy According to cda.org, in 2013, a total of 273,105 babies were born to women that were in between the ages of 15-19 years old. Teenage pregnancy is a major concern in today’s society. This paper will talk about teenage pregnancy, statistics, ways to prevent teenage pregnancy, and after birth options. So why is teenage pregnancy so important? Some people are concerned about teens getting pregnant at such an early age. There areRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1743 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative media teenage mothers struggle to find the positive sides to motherhood. Teenage pregnancy can be dificult and life changing, but unlike the renowned negative beliefs all over the world, there are positive sides to teenage pregnancy. Most research that is done on teen pregnancy is based on the hardships and struggles on teen mothers, making it easy to forget the good that can come from teen pregnancy. A teenage mother can create a good life for herself and her children. Teenage mothers areRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy905 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"16 and Pregnant†/ â€Å"Teen Mom† Promote or Discourage Teenage Pregnancy? (Agree/Promote) When it comes to the topic of do TV shows like â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† promote or discourage teenage pregnancy, most of us will readily agree that it in fact does promote teenage pregnancy. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of how does this promote teenage pregnancy. Whereas some are convinced that it promotes teenage pregnancy through the fame some of the young couples haveRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy871 Words   |  4 Pagesof do TV shows like â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† promote or discourage teenage pregnancy, most of us will readily agree that it in fact does promote teenage pregnancy. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of how does this promote teenage pregnancy. Whereas some are convinced that it promotes teenage pregnancy through the fame some of the young couples have achieved, others maintain that it in fact discourages teenage pregnancy by showing the struggles and realities ofRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : Teenage Pregnancy1404 Words   |  6 PagesLauryn Jones Block 5 4/27/16 What is Teen Pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A girl can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate which can be before her first menstrual period, but usually occurs after the onset of her periods. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13. Most teenage girls don t plan to get pregnant, but many do. Teen pregnancies carry extra health risks to both the motherRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1057 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a common thing here in America. It seems teens are getting pregnant more than the average married couple. There are some risk factors teen moms face and there is also another great turn outs. There is a major difference between the two. It’s important to tell teens the turnouts of teen pregnancy for the good and bad parts. There are risks of having sex, teen moms can make a difference for her and the baby, the risk of having HIV and/or any other STD’s, and the effects on theRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy2089 Words   |  9 Pagessurprise me since this is something common here in the Imperial Valley; we have such a high rate of teen pregnancy. What really caught my attention was that she was not alone; she had in her cart a toddler that kept referring her to mom. All I could think of was that such a young girl should not be concerned with raising a child, especially not two. Most young girls should be spending their teen years hanging out with their friends, going to parties, and enjoying school, but getting pregnant soRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1341 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a prominent dilemma in our nation because it continues to place adolescents into delinquency. According to the United States Health and Human Services, three out of ten American teen girls will become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of twenty. That is nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies in a year (1) (HHS Pg.2 2014). Also according to U.S. Department of State, teen pregnancy budgets the United States and tax payers approximately seven billion dollars annually (2)Read MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1328 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy has been famously depicted as a situation that involves the female adolescents. For one to be dubbed as a pregnant teenager, she ought to be at the early age of twelve years though in most scenarios it has been fourteen and older. In the developed as well as developing countries, the cause of the teenage pregnancy has been common with most of them being related to the specific situation of the teenager as well as the group that the teenager interacts with. However, the rate of theRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Teenage Pregnancy1456 Words   |  6 Pagesteenagers (Kristof). Clearly, teen pregnancy is a concern among many people in the U.S. One way to help the teen pregnancy statistics wo uld be birth control. Teenagers should have more access to birth control, particularly LARCs (long-acting reversible contraceptives), and be more informed about it. There are many reasons why this should be. For starters, it would help the child and the mother. It could also help the U.S. not be so high on the list of number of teen pregnancies in the world. Over time

United Arab Emirates Modes of Entry free essay sample

Exporting – Indirect exporting means that the company does not deal with foreign customers or companies by itself but uses intermediates such as export companies, export agents, or export partner network to take care of all export activity. Indirect exporting should be taken into consideration if a company’s own prerequisites in international business are not enough and if the intermediate’s resources as well as the know-how benefit the company. This entry alternative has quite low risks for the exporter. In direct exporting the company takes care of the exporting activity by itself. The company is in contact with the intermediates in the target market such as import agents, retailers, or brokers. It is essential for the company to know the markets, pick the agent or distributor carefully and posses the knowledge in marketing as well as exporting routines. Benefits in direct exporting are shorter distribution channels, smaller distribution expenses as well as closer connection to the end user and greater potential return. We will write a custom essay sample on United Arab Emirates Modes of Entry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Joint Venture A second method of entering a foreign market. Joint venture differs from exporting in that the company joins with foreign companies to produce or market a product or service. This includes modes such as licensing, franchising, management contracting, project operations, and joint ownership. ?Jointly owned subsidiaries Joint ownership is the mode of joint venturing in which a company joins investors in a foreign market to create a local business in which they share joint ownership and control. The foreign countries’ regulations may require joint ownership as a condition to enter the country, or company’s financial, physical, or managerial resources are not enough to undertake the venture alone. 3. Licensing International licensing means that the manufacturer sells the right to use the company’s immaterial rights such as manufacturing process, trademark, patent, trade secret, or other valuable information to a licensee in the foreign market for a fee or royalty. The company expands to the market with little resistance and the licensee gains the production expertise or well known product or name as agreed in the contract without having to start from scratch. However, the company has less control over the licensee than it would over its own operation. 4. Franchising Franchising s another option, in which the company sells the right to the franchisee (independent businesspeople) to produce its products or provide a service in a foreign market. Mainly franchising has been prominent in fast foods, fitness centers, hotels, real estate, and dozens of other product and service areas. The benefit is to start internationalization faster with fewer assets. The company will gain v aluable information and experience from the target country for later usage. 5. Turnkey projects Contract manufacturing is beneficial when manufacturing costs are cheaper abroad than in the home country. Project operations include selling a specific project abroad such as equipment installation, implementation of the factory investments, or community building project. Projects can be partial projects, turn key projects, and turnkey plus projects or consortiums. Suggested Modes of Entry for UAE Limited Liability Companies Doing business in the United Arab Emirates When entering the UAE a company can either establish a permanent presence in the UAE or use a commercial agent. The permanent presence may be pursued by: ? Incorporating a Limited Liability Company (LLC) ? Establishing a Branch office or Representative office Establishing a wholly owned entity in one of the UAE Free Trade Zones 1. Operating as an LLC in the country permits the company to engage in all activities as licensed in the UAE. However, a foreign entity can only operate in those activities licensed by the relevant UAE authority such as contracting, providing services, and possibly manufacturing. Certain activities, such as commercial agency activities, are reserved for wholly UAE owned enterprises. 2. Establishing a Branch or Representative office affords a company permanent presence in UAE as well as commercial agency activities. As long as fifty-one percent of the company is being owned by the UAE nationals the foreign investors are permitted to hold an equity ownership in the country. Limited Liability Company is preferred among foreign investors due to its flexible management structure, and protection of minority shareholders. 3. In the UAE there are 38 Free Trade Zones (FTZ) with over 20,000 companies operating in them. The main benefit of launching a branch in a Free Trade Zone is to be able to have 100% foreign ownership. Nonetheless, conducting business in other parts the UAE market is forbidden. The Free Trade Zones were launched to attract foreign investors and capital by offering: ? 100% foreign ownership ? 100% import and export tax exemptions ? 100% repatriation of capital and profits ? No corporate taxes for 15 years, can be renewed for an additional 15 years ? No personal income taxes ? Assistance with labor recruitment, as well as other additional help, such as sponsorship and housing UAE Available Modes of Entry Advantages ?No taxes of any kind whatsoever are imposed on either onshore or offshore activities ? Companies do not have to file any accounts No taxation information exchange agreements with other countries ? There are no public records kept of the directors and shareholders of a corporation ? Highly confidential and sophisticated banking system ensures financial matters are private ? Strong legislation in place protecting the confidentiality of investors in the country ? Foreigners can own 100% of their companies in Free Trade Zones ? Foreigners have the fre edom to send home their capital and income tax free ? Businesses have full immunity from import duties ?Also there are no currency restrictions in Dubai Disadvantages ?All foreign business should allocate a minimum of 51% equity to a UAE national ? A registered office must be maintained in Dubai ?Companies must appoint a qualified auditor to examine and report corporation accounts ? No business can carry out trade with a UAE resident in the UAE or in the Jebel Ali Free Zone unless they have first obtained the relevant licenses to do so ? Region is not an English common law jurisdiction ?The registrar has the power to appoint inspectors to investigate the affairs of any offshore company or business Facts, Statistical Data, and References ?Shortening the time for delivering building permits by improving its online system for processing application. ? Business start-up was made easier by simplifying the documents needed for registration, abolishing the AED 150,000 minimum capital requirement, and removing the requirement that proof of deposit of capital be shown for registration. ? Trade process has been eased by greater capacity of container terminals, elimination of the terminal handling receipt as a required document, and an increase in trade finance products.

The extent at which personality traits can predict a persons leadership abilities

Table of Contents Introduction Personality traits and leadership The Great Person Theory Conclusion References Introduction Personality traits are viewed as the determinants of the differences that distinguish one individual from another. These traits include intellectual ability, physical attributes as well as personality. They dictate how moral or immoral a person is in regard to their dispositions which are referred to as character or qualities. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The extent at which personality traits can predict a person’s leadership abilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A person’s true nature is thus regarded as his or her personality out of how consistent their character is over time (Whiteman et al 2003, p.3). On the other hand, leadership is portrayed as the ability to influence other people’s behaviour that results in making them believe or act through motivat ion. According to Lehman (2005, p.1), leadership abilities include vision, the ability to motivate others, emotional intelligence, ability to empower others, trustworthy, risk-taking, humour, focus and follow through. However, some personality traits favour leadership abilities whereas some do not. This paper critically analyses the extent at which personality traits can predict a person’s leadership abilities. Personality traits and leadership Various studies have clearly shown that there is a very close link between leadership abilities and personality traits. Many discussions about what makes an effective leader have also surfaced and the results all bend towards personalities. Each individual has distinct characteristics which are either strong or weak. This is the reason why some leaders are more effective than others whereas a number of people cannot lead at all. These studies have birthed the Big Five Personality Dimensions which are used to describe highly effective leaders (Langone, 2002, p.1). These dimensions include emotional stability, agreeableness, extroversion, openness to experience and conscientiousness. Emotional stability is a personality dimension that focuses on a person’s ability to handle criticism and stress. In addition, how secure and calm a person acts also determines their ability to control their emotions which is an essential component of leadership abilities. On the contrary, people who are unable to handle their emotions make weak leaders due to the fact that they their behaviour becomes inconsistent thus damaging relationships (Bryman, 1986, p. 34-35).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Agreeableness is a dimension that refers to a person’s ability to mingle with others. It encompasses trust, compassion, cooperation and understanding all which are vital traits of a highly effective leader. These traits enab le a leader to enjoy a harmonious relationship with his colleagues as he is able to get along well with them, a trait that commands respect and enhances performance. On the other hand, a leader who is not agreeable has a chaotic relationship with those under him and this result in disrespect and distrust which reflects negatively on the output. According to Langone (2002, p. 1-3), extroversion entails a person’s behaviour when in the company of others. The traits encompassed here include getting along well and easily with new people, being sociable, assertive, confident and being dominant. Openness to experience is another dimension when it comes to personality traits and it involves a person’s ability to be creative, imaginative and receptive of new ideas. Such a person has a range of interests which enable them to be effective leaders as they are intellectually curious and open to new experiences. Conscientiousness is the last dimension of personality traits and it focuses on a person’s ability to be persistent, responsible and success driven. Such a person sets goals and works hard towards meeting them without loosing focus. On the other hand, a person who lacks in conscientiousness makes a poor leader since he is easily distracted thus impulsive. We do not have perfect individuals with all the listed traits but many of them who make effective leaders possess a range of these personality traits (Langone, 2002, p.1-7). Leadership abilities are greatly influenced by personality traits according to Hogan (2003, p.1-3) who in his study cites that the two are synonymous. According to him, leadership is predicted by an individual’s personality and this determines how successful an organisation will be. He refers to four themes as being embedded in leadership which include competence, vision, integrity and decisiveness. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The extent at which personality traits can predict a personà ¢â‚¬â„¢s leadership abilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To gain an edge in the organisation, the leader must be competent and must also be visionary about where he is taking the company. He must be a good decision maker and at the same time lead without favours. These personality or character traits are epitome in deciding whether one has the right leadership abilities or not. Personality traits predict leadership abilities as indicated in the study done by Herrmann (2009, p.2). In her perspective, personality traits contribute broadly to the success of an organisation in the sense that an effective leader performs highly. This is due to the fact that they are able to influence those working under them by using the special personality traits they possess. These traits distinguish them from other people in the company and lead to their being chosen as the torch bearers. The Great Person Theory Rating leaders through their person al traits is known as the Great Person Theory and this involves an assessment of their rare qualities which make them stand out. Great world leaders such as Nelson Mandela, Winston Churchill and Martin Luther King Junior come to mind and one cannot fail to marvel at their exemplary personal traits. These traits include their charisma, decisive nature as well as their prominent intelligence. Leadership ability is not restricted to behaviour as it expands further to physical features which include gender, build and height. It is therefore interesting to note that many successful leaders are taller and capable in matters of intelligence. In another perspective, height and intelligence as used in the Great Person Theory show emergence and effectiveness. It is therefore even more intriguing according to Wiggins et al (2006, p. 417) to note that studies carried on past American presidents showed that the more effective ones were the ones who were taller and intelligent. This was in comp arison to their shorter and less intelligent counterparts and the question on height and effectiveness does not fail to surface. Intelligence is well worth the challenge but a physical attribute such as height seeks a deeper explanation. The answer to this is that tall people are intimidating and their towering frames always command respect. Height stereotypes which glorify tall people more than short people still exist and these epitomises the tall ones as more forceful and talented in comparison to the short people. This therefore places tall people up the ladder with the notion that they are more influential and thus more effective in leadership. In addition, gender also dictates leadership abilities and this explains why there are more male leaders than female.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies have shown that when men are rated to women, they have higher chances of being chosen as task leaders in their groups whereas women score highly as socio emotional leaders. The personality traits that bring about these leadership abilities include that men are seen as more controlling and assertive as compared to women. On the other hand, women come through as more helpful and sympathetic hence the discrepancy (Wiggins et al 2006, p. 417 – 419). On the contrary, the Process Theory of Leadership seeks to differ with the Trait Theory whereby it focuses on leadership abilities as learned and not inborn. The argument here is that effective leaders are not born but made through processes or learning and apprenticeship. According to this theory, it only takes the will and desire to succeed in a leadership position and the rest fall into place. This process takes training, self study, experience and education which model people into ideal leaders. This theory further argue s that these attributes are not natural and acquiring them takes continuous study and work (Abujarad, 2010, p.2-3). This continuous process is what produces effective leaders who horn their skills on a daily basis to get to where they aspire to be. This they accomplish through the application of the acquired skills and knowledge as opposed to the Trait Leadership which cites that effective leaders are born and not made. However, an effective leader must posses other attributes apart from skills and knowledge and this is where personality traits rule. These attributes include character, ethics, beliefs and values which leaders are born with (Northouse, 2010, p. 4). In addition, it is important to note that a person’s behaviour largely lies on his personality. The decisions that people make are also influenced by their personalities which goes further into their attitudes and perceptions. This is the reason why some people make good leaders while others do not. Personality tr aits explain why some people are shy or cold while others are outgoing and loud. Personality traits help predict other people’s behaviour as well as their performance in a job scenario. Understanding personality traits helps pick leaders from non leaders as the abilities are out in the open. For instance, a shy and cold person cannot make a good leader since they have issues when it comes to interacting with new people and tend to withdraw to a comfort zone. A loud and outgoing person will make an effective leader as her will be able to form and grow relationships with those under him according to Achua (2010, p. 32-33). Conclusion This study focuses on the extent at which personality traits can predict a person’s leadership abilities. It is evident that leadership is synonymous with personality traits and there cannot be one without the other. The formulated theories by various researchers that include the Trait Leadership Theory and the Process Leadership Theory bot h present strong cases though they conclude that leadership takes both to be effective. This is in reference to highlighted traits which are inborn as well as the acquired ones. Personality traits in the long run predict the kind of a leader an individual can become. The Big Five Dimensions of personality traits affirm this by showing that an effective leader must posses at least four of the listed attributes which determine how influential one will be as a leader. References Abujarad, Y.I. (2010) The impact of personality traits and leadership styles on leadership effectiveness of Malaysian Managers. Academic Leadership Journal, 8(2), 2-3. Achua, Christopher and Lussier, Robert (2010) Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development. 4th edition. USA, South Western Cengage Learning. Bryman, A. (1986) Leadership and organisations. Great Britain, St Edmundsbury Press. Herrmann, A. (2009) Using broad vs. narrow personality measures to predict leadership success: Does keeping it s imple have an impact on predictive power and utility? Journal of organizational behaviour, 24(2), 1-2. Hogan, R. (2003) Personality, leadership, and organisational effectiveness. London, Hogan Assessment systems Inc. Langone, C. (2002) Discovering the Soul of a leader through an investigation of personality traits. Leadership Educators Journal, 6(1), 1-10. Lehman, Z. (2005) Eight characteristics of leadership. Zimnotes Journal on leadership, 4(2), 1. Northouse, P.G. (2010) Leadership: Theory and Practice. 5th Edition. USA, Sage Publications Inc. Whiteman, Martha et al. (2003) Personality traits. UK, Cambridge University Press. Wiggins, Elizabeth et al. (2006) Social psychology alive. USA, Thomson Wadsworth Publications. This essay on The extent at which personality traits can predict a person’s leadership abilities was written and submitted by user Guadalupe J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Problem identification and formulation styles in Walmarts organization

Problem identification and formulation styles in Walmarts organization In the current work environment, it is of essence for leaders of organizations to apply various problem identification and formulation styles as they assist in quick and efficient solving of problems in organizations. At Walmarts organization, the management practices four different decision making styles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problem identification and formulation styles in Walmarts organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, is collective participative decision making style in which the manager collects all the relevant information needed and other viewpoints from the members of the company; however, he or she maintains the control of the decision to be made and is responsible for the final course of action taken (Verma, 2009). The advantage of this decision making style is that there is a sense of involvement which can cushion against potential negative impacts and this strategy also enables th e manager to be well informed before making a decision. Further, the most favorable aspect of the collective participative decision style is that it can be used to identity and solve the new reality that is currently facing Walmarts organization: its clients need more than just the lowest price. Thus, the strategy can be used to improve the organization’s services to its clients. Nonetheless, a major weakness of this decision making style is that it can be slow and time intensive process, especially when the organization is large. Second, is the autocratic decision making style in which the manager is held accountable for the final course taken and his or her own inclinations and knowledge are used to make the final decision (Lussier, 2008). In this case, the manager does not seek for viewpoints from the members of the organization since the responsibility is wholly endowed upon him or her. A major strength of this style is that it is important in emergencies since it is a qu ick way of reaching at conclusions. On the other hand, its major weakness is that the members are not incorporated and they can be offended by the choice made if they are negatively impacted; consequently, this can make the manager to lose support and credibility. A problem that can be identified and described using this style is a situation in which a manager at Walmart decides to give back a client his money after complaining bitterly about a product he bought at the store. Third, is the democratic decision making style in which the manager transfers the responsibility of making a decision to the group and votes are cast to determine the course of action to be taken judging from the choice with the highest votes. The main advantage of this style is that the decision is made fast and all the members are included in the process. However, there may be no responsibility taken for the course of action preferred since the manager is not accountable and the members can claim that they di d not support the choice made. Nonetheless, this style can be useful in describing a decision taken to introduce Walmart’s new advertising motto, â€Å"Save Money Live Better,† to replace the previous motto.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly, consensus decision making style incorporates the participation of every member of the organization and the manager is no longer responsible for the course of action taken and its impacts since he or she transfers control to the members of the group. In favor of this style is that it allows for group dedication, team spirit, and varied ideas to be shared that increases the chances of a good decision to be made. A major inhibitory factor here is that the vast amount of information collected and input involved may make the process to be tiresome and time consuming. A problem that can be addressed favorably by t his style is a situation in which some employees at Walmart are to be moved to one of its new stores in a low-income area. Reference List Lussier, R. N. (2008). Management fundamentals: concepts, applications, skill  development. Mason, OH : South-Western/Cengage Learning. Verma, D. (2009). Decision-making style: social and creative dimension. New Delhi: Global India Publications.

Capital Budgeting Essay Example

Capital Budgeting Essay Example Capital Budgeting Essay Capital Budgeting Essay Corporate Finance Capital Budgeting Course Outline CAPITAL BUDGETING Course outline Key Principles in Capital Budgeting: Criteria for Investment Projects Net Pesent Value Internal Rate of Return Payback Profitability Index Finding Cash Flows Maria Ruiz 1 Financial Management Financial management is largely concerned with financing, dividend and investment decisions of the firm with some overall goal in mind. Corporate finance theory has developed around the goal of shareholder wealth maximization. Financing decisions deal with the firm’s optimal capital structure in terms of debt and equity. Dividend decisions relate to the form in which returns generated by the firm are passed on to equity-holders. Investment decisions deal with the way funds raised in financial markets are employed in productive activities to achieve the firm’s overall goal. Capital budgeting is primarily concerned with sizable investments in long-term assets. These assets may be tangible (property, plant or equipment) or intangible ones such as new technology, patents or trademarks. They are generally long-lived projects with their benefits or cash flows spreading over many years. As such, capital budgeting decisions have a major effect on the value of the firm and its shareholder wealth. Maria Ruiz Capital Budgeting Capital Budgeting: An Introduction Capital budgeting: one of the most important functions a financial manager must perform, required by the strategic planning and expansion of operations by allocating financial resources for the acquisitions of physical resources that will produce incremental future cash-flow and create value for shareholders: Corporate investment projects: Replacement decisions o maintain the business made without detailed analysis for cost reduction or efficiency purposes – fairly detailed analysis Expansion of existing products or markets – complex decision process that require an explicit forecast of future demand, detailed analysis Expansion into new products or markets similar detailed analysis Regulatory, safety and/or environmental projects – mandatory investments for many industries, and often accom pany new revenue producing projects The same ideas also apply to personal investment decisions (for example buying a car vs. leasing it, renting an apartment vs. uying one). Maria Ruiz 2 Capital Budgeting Key Principles Rule 1 : Cash flows after taxes, not net income, is the proper basis for analysis Only the incremental cash flows should form part of an investment decision Sunk Costs should not be included in the analysis Only incremental Cash Flows are analyzed: externalities should be included (i. e. cannibalization) Rule 2 : Cash Flow are based on Opportunity costs Rule 3 : Timing of cash flows is critical Rule 4 : Cash Flows are analyzed on an after-tax basis Rule 5: Financing costs are already reflected in the projects required rate f return Maria Ruiz Key concepts Sunk costs: Cost that has already been incurred RD expenses are $10,000 to-date for your project, and you plan to spend another $20,000, making $30,000 in all. What are cash flows for the project? Opportunity cost: what a resource is worth in its next-best use A company uses idle property, what should it use as the investment outlay? (pruchase price, current market value, nothing ? ) Incremental cash flows: difference between projected cash flows with and without the project Maria Ruiz 3 Key concepts Externality: effect of an investment on other things besides the investment itself Ilustration of Cannibalism: A proposed project will generate $10,000 in revenue, but will causes another product line to lose $3,000 in revenues. How much cash flow should the company consider? Conventional vs. Non conventional cash flows: Conventional: initial outflow followed by a series of inflows Non conventional: different Maria Ruiz Illustration: Underutilized Resources A project uses an existing (non-cancelable) leased warehouse with a remaining life of 20 years, and total annual rent of $100,000 The warehouse is rojected to remain 50% utilized, unless your project is undertaken The lease prohibits sub-leasing The current project is making a loss Your project will use 25% of the warehouse What should the project be charged? Maria Ruiz 4 Illustration: Underutilized Resources SEVERAL POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS: Choose one 1. The original project currently using the warehouse is making a loss: â€Å"Charg e the full $100,000 /year so the company can recover the very real warehousing costs. † 2. Half the warehouse is available: The project should be charged the full $50,000 /year if it needs to use it. A portion of the warehousing costs will not be charged-out otherwise. † 3. 4. The project is going to use only 25% of the space. â€Å"Charge $25,000 /year. † The charge should be proportioned according to revenues generated by each project: â€Å"The old project’s revenues = $9,000,000, and the new project has projected revenues = $1,000,000, so the charge is 10%, or $10,000/year. † 5. 6. This is a new project, so give it a sporting chance: The project should be charged nothing. † The original lease was entered into when warehouse space was cheap, but now space is twice what it was: â€Å"The market value of the leased warehouse is now $200,000, and the project should take its proper share of that amount. † Maria Ruiz Capital Budgeting Classification of projects Independent versus Mutually Exclusive Projects: An independent project is one the acceptance or rejection of which does not directly eliminate other projects from consideration or affe ct the likelihood of their selection. Two or more projects that cannot be pursued simultaneously, the acceptance of one prevents the acceptance of the alternative proposal, are mutually exclusive they involve ‘either-or’ decisions Mutually exclusive projects can be evaluated separately to select the one which yields the highest net present value to the firm. A contingent project is one the acceptance or rejection of which is dependent on the decision to accept or reject one or more other projects. Contingent projects may be complementary or substitutes Maria Ruiz 5 Capital Budgeting Project Sequencing The sequencing of projects is a strategic issue, it creates options on one or more projects as the direct result of undertaking another (previous) project. Old Suppose a firm is evaluating projects to produce a number of consumer products It may be advantageous to implement projects sequentially rather than in parallel. If taken in parallel, management would spend the resources and the value of the option not to spend in case of failure is lost. Extreme case example is RD: The source of value is the options created to undertake other projects. Interproject options are created whenever management makes an investment that places the firm in a position to use new technology to enter a different industry Maria Ruiz Choosing between Investment Projects Investment decision criteria Net Present Value Internal Rate of Return Payback Normal Discounted Profitability Index Maria Ruiz 6 Capital Budgeting The Net Present Value (NPV) NPV : difference between the initial investment and the sum of the present values of cash flows that are generated: NPV0 = ? I 0 + ? t =1 T CFt (1 + r ) t If the project involves investment in installments spread over N years, then the NPV is: NPV0 = ? t =0 N T ? It CFt +? t t (1 + r ) t =1 (1 + r ) A project’s NPV signifies the increase in wealth to stockholders, if the project is undertaken. We apply the DCF model to corporate decision making and we use the Net Present Value (NPV) Rule to evaluate projects and decide which one we should adopt. Maria Ruiz Capital Budgeting Examples NPV Rule 1: Accept the project if its NPV gt; 0 It indicates that only projects that increase the owners’ wealth should be undertaken, ie a project is accepted only if its PV gt; Cost Similarly, a stock or bond is purchased if its PV is greater than its market price (its â€Å"cost†) Example: A wind-power plant will cost â‚ ¬ 50 million to build. The plant will generate annual cash flows of 16 per year for 4 years, plus another 20 millions the fith year. The 6th year, the plant will be scrapped at a cost of 2 millions. What is the NPV of the project if the opportunity cost of capital is 10%? What if the opportunity cost of capital is 20%? Maria Ruiz 7 Capital Budgeting Examples NPV Rule 2: If the projects are not mutually exclusive, all projects for which NPV gt; 0 should be undertaken. If the projects are mutually exclusive, then the project with the highest NPV should be chosen. Example: You are considering buying a network server with a useful life of three years. Two alternatives exist. Model A costs â‚ ¬ 250,000 and will lead to a productivity improvement of â‚ ¬ 110,000 per year for 3 years. Model B costs â‚ ¬ 200,000 and will generate a productivity gain of â‚ ¬ 85,000 for 4 years. Which model would you choose if the cost of capital is 8% for this project? Maria Ruiz Capital Budgeting NPV Profile The NPV profile is convex in a simple relationship between NPV and IRR There are other profiles Maria Ruiz 8 Capital Budgeting Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) : is the discount rate that equates the NPV of the investment project to zero. In other words, IRR is the solution to the following equation ? T CFt ? (1 + IRR) t ? t =1 ? ? ? I0 = 0 ? ? Decision rule Go ahead with the project if IRR is higher than the (explicit) opportunity cost of capital (i. . , the return on an alternative investment, possibly a financial asset, with the same amount risk) or the implicit WACC. When there are multiple investment projects, you should choose the project with the highest IRR. However, other than the particular case of a positive outcome one period after initial investment, there are important caveats regarding the IRR criterion that you should be awar e of. Maria Ruiz Internal Rate of Return 2500 2000 1500 NPV (,000s) 1000 500 0 IRR -1000 -1500 -2000 Discount rate (%) Maria Ruiz 10 0 -500 40 10 20 30 50 60 70 80 90 9 Capital Budgeting Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Decision rule If IRR gt; discount rate, go ahead with the project Example: A wind-power plant will cost â‚ ¬ 50 million to build. The plant will generate annual cash flows of 16 per year for 4 years, plus another 20 millions the fith year. The 6th year, the plant will be scrapped at a cost of 2 millions. If the cost of capital is 10%, would you go ahead with the project? Maria Ruiz NPV and IRR (CFA 2009) Maria Ruiz 10 Capital Budgeting Ranking Conflicts between NPV and IRR IRR and NPV criteria may not lead to the same conclusion in the case of mutually exclusive projects. NPV rule easily chooses among mutually exclusive projects, IRR does not. lliustration: Which of the following mutually exclusive projects should you choose? Year Project A 0 1 –500 590 2 0 3 0 Year 0 1 2 3_ Project B –500 50 50 620 (see graph next page) Maria Ruiz Capital Budgeting Ranking Conflicts between NPV and IRR Different Cash Flow patterns may lead to a conflict of ranking Pitfalls of IRR Difficulty in Evaluating Mutually Exclusive Projects 250 200 150 100 NPV 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 Rate of Return Project A Maria Ruiz 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Project B 11 Capital Budgeting Ranking Conflicts between NPV and IRR IRR and NPV criteria may not lead to the same conclusion in the case of mutually exclusive projects. NPV rule easily chooses among mutually exclusive projects, IRR does not. lliustration: Which of the following mutually exclusive projects should you choose? Year Project A 0 1 –500 590 2 0 3 0 Year 0 1 2 3_ Project B –500 50 50 620 Choose A Choose B A neither IRR Criterion IRRA=18% gt; IRRB=14% NPV Criterion if OCC lt; 12% then: NPVA lt; NPVB if 12% lt; OCC lt; 18% then: NPVA gt; NPVB if OCC gt; 18% then: NPVB lt; NPVA

The Realities of leadership within a retail organisation Essay

The Realities of leadership within a retail organisation - Essay Example How can I give what I do not have, and how can I help others accept change if I am not ready to do the same? One day, our management decided to institute changes on working hours in the store as part of a new model store blueprint. The policy altered each worker’s start and finish times, and break times were shortened to half an hour. For those working more than eight hours, an hour’s break was allowed. We knew that most of the staff would react negatively to the proposal, and that resistance had been building up in many of them. I was given a tight deadline to implement the change in my store. The task was daunting, but I was confident because I had the tools needed to plan and execute the change, ready to confront and solve most of the problems that would arise. What were those tools, how did I use them, and why? Lou V. Gerstner, who as IBM CEO saved the company at a time of crisis, found that â€Å"changing the attitudes and behaviour of people is very hard to accomplish. You can’t simply give speeches, write a new credo†¦and declare that people have to change. What managers can do is create the conditions for transformation. You provide incentives. You have to trust. In the end, the workers themselves decide to change† (Gerstner, 2002). Knowing why people resist change is the first step to help them change. Reflecting on my experiences, I know three main reasons why people resist change: uncertainty makes them nervous and afraid, they do not see how change can be good for them, and coping with change is inconvenient because it requires effort. Equipped with this knowledge, I can help people change by making a plan to deal with each of these reasons. First, I eliminated uncertainty through communication, helping the workers build up their trust in management through me by discussing with the workers the reasons behind the policy decision, like better efficiency, increased sales, and more satisfied

Domestic Terror in the United States Term Paper

Domestic Terror in the United States - Term Paper Example ive of excessive force, there must be pressure applied to others in society or government or otherwise persuasive agendas, and the objectives of these acts must be linked with sociological or politically-motivated agendas (FEMA, 1997). Domestic terrorism is characterized as a holistic blend of the aforementioned objectives and activities, which occur within a national region, which are conducted against social systems and ideologies, governmental actors, and citizenry communities. Some of the most common terrorist activities occurring domestically include implementing a variety of illegal pursuits so as to fund hostile or brutal objectives, as well as using a variety of methodologies to elicit threats against government and society so as to establish support or compliance with a specific political or social agenda. The composition of domestic terrorism is complex and usually consists of multi-faceted objectives of the terrorist party or group which has substantial implications for local, state and federal-level institutions when attempting to contend with terrorist activities and agendas. It often involves a series of complicated analyses and interventions within many diverse federal institutions under a collaborative model with local and state-level authorities to achieve terrorist reduction and opposition. This essay examines a variety of domestic terrorism attacks that have occurred in the United States, focusing on the politically-motivated or socially-motivated objectives that drove these violent acts. The project further examines the threats and dangers of domestic terrorism today as opposed to international terrorism within U.S. borders and provides an analysis of the programs currently in place at the federal, state and local levels to prevent reoccurrences of domestic terrorism. It is significant and prudent for American citizens and empowered institutions to understand the dynamics of what serves as catalysts for domestic terrorism as domestic

What are Hamlets feelings on pages 74 and 75 Essay Example for Free

What are Hamlets feelings on pages 74 and 75 Essay Page 74 is the first time Hamlet is introduced to the audience and this first speech of his is very important as it sets the tone of the play and allows the audience to adjust to the type of genre it is going to be, it also shows how desperate Hamlet is and how distressed he truly is. It tells the plot of the story to the audience and shows why Hamlet is so unhappy at his mother and uncle being married, and the time in which they did so. We immediately begin to see how alone and confused Hamlet on what to do Hamlet really is, so much so almost a third of the speech is basically him contemplating suicide, which is strictly against his religion. The main pillars in his life, the people he could relay on the most have betrayed him and he is unsure who he can trust and he is torn between taking vengeance mainly on his mother for dishonoring his fathers memory by marrying his uncle (obviously he does not yet know who killed his father or how he died) or to remain true to his mother, and turn the other cheek as his religion tell him to. He thinks that his mother and uncle have been too hasty in getting married, But two months dead, nay, not so much, not two and he has suspicions that they had something to do with his fathers death. He seems very bitter towards his mother in particular and refers to her like a parasite. Why, she would hang on him, as if increase of appetite had grown by what it fed on and his initial reaction, before he is visited by his fathers ghost, is to take revenge on his mother. Which shows how he is feeling as he expects his mother should be the main support to him in his time of mourning but instead she has abandoned him, this also shows how emotional week Hamlet is from his first sentence. He does talk about the sexual relationship between his mother and uncle, O, most wicked speed, to post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not, nor it cannot come to good. This could be Hamlets way of surging energy and guts that will enable him too take vengeance on his fathers death and his mothers dishonor towards his fathers memory. This also gives the impression that Hamlet is quite week emotionally and is in need of help or guidance, something that he does not receive from any of his friends or family, many of who attempt to kill him and I think the fact he often tries to justify his weakness. For example he says the only reason he does not commit suicide is because it is a sin, similarly when he goes to kill his uncle he does not because he is praying at the time and this would lead to him being sent straight to heaven instead of to hell where he belongs. I think Hamlet is shown as being very lonely and not too sure who to trust shows in the final line of his speech, But break my heard, for I must hold my tongue, this shows that he wants to solve his problems by himself. Again symbolizing his isolation from the people around him and his complete lack of trust in anyone and the fact the speech is said to the audience also shows that he is completely alone in the world and does not know where to turn to. Hamlet obviously had great respect for his father and despite saying that he is not a great warrior Married with my uncle, but no more like my father than I to Hercules his father was and you begin to see that Hamlets main influence in his life, the one person he admired the most was his father and now he has gone, Hamlet feels very lost and insecure without him and seems to punish himself and continually put himself down throughout the speech creating a very distressed first scene, but ironically he remains one of the few Shakespearean characters which have a sense of humor and as the play progresses we begin to see how sly and sarcastic hamlet can be, especially when talking to Polonius.

sports management Essay examples -- essays research papers

Sports management is an area of professional endeavor in which a broad classification of sport affiliated careers exists. It is also an area of collegiate professional preparation. Careers in sports management are established in schools, collegiate sports programs, professional sports, amateur sports organizations, commercial sports establishments, sports arenas, etc. One factor of sports management is not only having athletes but also have a place to utilize their talents in. Facility management and marketing play a big role in the sports and computer industry. Facility management involves the co-ordination of the physical surrounding and related services with the user’s needs. In some cases, like privately owned gymnasiums, the facility itself is the service, while for other organizations, such as a boat club with a boat house, the facility is a storage place that aids the delivery of the service. Choosing the correct real estate for a sporting facility is vital to its succ ess. An apparent factor to contemplate is the number and proximity of prospective users. Use of a computer comes in an important role. You can use the computer to find the U.S. Bureau of Statistics printout on local government demographics to determine how many prospective users may be in the area. Other factors to take into consideration when building and managing a facility are the direct costs such as rent, utilities, insurance, physical satisfaction of the building, proximity to staff and suppliers, ...

Biodiversity Outline

I. Introduction a. Over the past two decades, strong scientific evidence has emerged showing that loss of the world's biological diversity reduces the productivity and sustainability of natural ecosystems and decreases their ability to provide society with goods and services like food, wood, fodder, fertile soils, and protection from pests and disease. II. Body a. [Amphibians] No group of animals has a higher rate of endangerment than amphibians. Scientists estimate that a third or more of all the roughly 6,300 known species of amphibians are at risk of extinction i.The current amphibian extinction rate may range from 25,039 to 45,474 times the background extinction rate ii. Frogs, toads, and salamanders are disappearing because of habitat loss, water and air pollution, climate change and disease. iii. Because of their sensitivity to environmental changes, vanishing amphibians should be viewed as the canary in the global coal mine, signaling subtle yet radical ecosystem changes that could ultimately claim many other species, including humans. b. [Birds] Birds occur in nearly every habitat on the planet and are often the most visible and familiar wildlife to people across the globe.As such, they provide an important bellwether for tracking changes to the biosphere. Declining bird populations across most to all habitats confirm that profound changes are occurring on our planet in response to human activities. i. A 2009 report on the state of birds in the United States found that 251 (31 percent) of the 800 species in the country are of conservation concern. ii. Globally, BirdLife International estimates that 12 percent of known 9,865 bird species are now considered threatened, with 192 species, or 2 percent, facing an â€Å"extremely high risk† of extinction in the wild — two more species than in 2008. ii. Habitat loss and degradation have caused most of the bird declines, but the impacts of invasive species and capture by collectors play a big role , too. c. [Fish]Increasing demand for water, the damming of rivers throughout the world, the dumping and accumulation of various pollutants, and invasive species make aquatic ecosystems some of the most threatened on the planet; thus, it’s not surprising that there are many fish species that are endangered in both freshwater and marine habitats. i. The American Fisheries Society identified 700 species of freshwater or anadromous fish inNorth America as being imperiled, amounting to 39 percent of all such fish on the continent ii. In North American marine waters, at least 82 fish species are imperiled. Across the globe, 1,851 species of fish — 21 percent of all fish species evaluated — were deemed at risk of extinction by the IUCN in 2010, including more than a third of sharks and rays. d. [Invertebrates (depth into coral reefs)] Invertebrates, from butterflies to mollusks to earthworms to corals, are vastly diverse — and though no one knows just how many invertebrate species exist, they’re estimated to account for about 97 percent of the total species of animals on Earth.Of the 1. 3 million known invertebrate species, the IUCN has evaluated about 9,526 species, with about 30 percent of the species evaluated at risk of extinction. i. Freshwater invertebrates are severely threatened by water pollution, groundwater withdrawal, and water projects, while a large number of invertebrates of notable scientific significance have become either endangered or extinct due to deforestation, especially because of the rapid destruction of tropical rainforests. ii.In the ocean, reef-building corals are declining at an alarming rate: 2008’s first-ever comprehensive global assessment of these animals revealed that a third of reef-building corals are threatened. III. Conclusion a. While much concern over extinction focuses on globally lost species, most of biodiversity’s benefits take place at a local level, and conserving local po pulations is the only way to ensure genetic diversity critical for a species’ long-term survival. Not everything is lucid when it comes to biodiversity loss, but what it is clear that many thousands of species are at risk of disappearing forever in the coming decades.

Common College Diseases Essay

College students are young, lively and generally healthy individuals, but just like any population, they are prone tocertain health problems. Not only do college students have some of the worst eating, exercising and sleeping habits,they also have to deal with stress from school, relationships and job hunting that takes a major toll on their health.Here are the 8 most common college diseases: 1. Depression : Depression is a growing issue that even college campuses are dealing with more and more. An alarming 44 percent of college students reported feeling symptoms of depression during college andmany do not seek treatment for their mental illness. Depression can be brought on by a number of factors,including anxiety from school or work, the loss of a loved one, a troubled relationship and early childhoodtrauma. College students have a high risk of being depressed because their hormones are often out of whack and imbalanced at this age, and they face a great deal of pressures and obstacles while in schooland away from their parents. 2. Meningococcal Meningitis: Meningococcal meningitis is a rare but often deadly bacterial infection that isspread through air droplets and direct contact with infected persons. When the disease attacks, it will shutdown major organs and prevent blood flow to the limbs, often causing tissue to die and extremities to beamputated. From a national perspective, meningococcal meningitis is a rare disease that strikes fewer than 3,000 people every year. However, it tends to thrive on college students living in the dorms becauseof the close-quartered arrangements and their often weak immune systems. 3. Alcohol and Drug Addiction: Alcohol and drug abuse has, and continues to be, a health problem amongcollege students. College students have higher rates of alcohol and drug addiction than the rest of thepublic, with nearly 2.7 million full-time college students abusing drugs and alcohol at least once a month. As students relish in their newfound freedom, they are more likely to try drugs and alcohol with friends for the first time. Although alcohol is still the preferred drug of choice by most college students, there has alsobeen an increase in marijuana and prescription drug abuse. 4. Sexually Transmitted Diseasesc: With the increased amount of sexual activity and unprotected sexhappening in todays colleges, its no wonder why sexually transmitted diseases are rampant amongcollege students. An estimated 20 to 25 percent of college students have been infected or are carriers of STDs. Sexually active young adults have high rates of STDs because they do not use adequate protectionand often do not seek medical attention. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes and HPV (Human Papillomavirus)are some of the most common STDs among college students. 5. Eating Disorders: Eating disorders continue to be a major concern among college students today. Inaddition to the classic eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, there are a number of other eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) that have become more rampant in college, suchas caloric restriction, drastic weight loss, excessive exercise, binging and purging. Disordered eating iscommonplace in college, when students are eating on their own and trying to avoid gaining the â€Å"freshman15.† 6. Obesity: Eating disorders continue to garner attention in college, but many students are troubled by theother end of the spectrum  ± obesity. Today, more than 30 percent of college students are consideredobese or overweight by the American College Health Associations standards. A combination of unhealthydiets, limited physical activity and poor lifestyle choices has caused many college students to becomeobese or overweight. 7. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): We hear a great deal about the amount of studentsabusing Adderall and other psychostimulant medications in non-medical ways, but there is a growingnumber of college students being tested and diagnosed with ADHD, as well. The growing number of diagnoses can be attributed to several reasons, including the pressures of college studies, poor academic

Base Definition in Chemistry

Base Definition in Chemistry In chemistry, a base is a chemical species that donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OHs of bases include alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and soap. Key Takeaways: Base Definition A base is a substance that reacts with an acid in an acid-base reaction.The mechanism through which a base works has been argued throughout history. Generally, a base either accepts a proton, releases a hydroxide anion when dissolved in water, or donates an electron.Examples of bases include hydroxides and soap. Word Origin The word base came into use in 1717 by French chemist Louis Là ©mery. Là ©mery used the word as a synonym for Paracelsus alchemical concept of a matrix in alchemy. Paracelsus proposed natural salts grew as a result of a universal acid mixing with a matrix. While Là ©mery may have used the word base first, its modern usage is generally attributed to French chemist Guillaumes of Rouelles bases included alkalis, metals, oils, or absorbent earth. In the 18th century, salts were solid crystals, while acids were liquids. So, it made sense to early chemists that the material that neutralized the acid somehow destroyed its spirit and allowed it to take solid form. Properties of a Base A base displays several characteristic properties: Aqueous base solution or molten bases dissociate into ions and conduct electricity.Strong bases and concentrated bases are caustic. They react vigorously with acids and organic matter.Bases react in predictable ways with pH indicators. A base turns litmus paper blue, methyl orange yellow, and phenolphthalein pink. Bromothymol blue remains blue in the presence of a base.A basic solution has a pH greater than 7.Bases have a bitter flavor. (Dont taste them!) Types of Bases Bases may be categorized according to their degree of dissociation in water and reactivity. A strong base completely dissociates into its ions in water or is a compound that can remove a proton (H) from a very weak acid. Examples of strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH).A weak base incompletely dissociates in water. Its aqueous solution includes both the weak base and its conjugate acid.A superbase is even better at deprotonation than a strong base. These bases have very weak conjugate acids. Such bases are formed by mixing an alkali metal with its conjugate acid. A superbase cannot remain in aqueous solution because it is a stronger base than the hydroxide ion. An example of a superbase in sodium hydride (NaH). The strongest superbase is the orthos include silicon dioxide (SiO2) and NaOH mounted on alumina. Solid bases may be used in anion exchange resins or for reactions with gaseous acids. Reaction Between an Acid and a Base An acid and a base react with each other in a neutralization reaction. In neutralization, an aqueous acid and aqueous base produce an aqueous solution of salt and water. If the salt is saturated or insoluble, then it may precipitate out of the solution. While it may seem like acids and bases are opposites, some species can act as either an acid or a base. In fact, some strong acids can act as bases. Sources Jensen, William B. (2006). The origin of the term base. The Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (8): 1130. doi:10.1021/ed083p1130Johll, Matthew E. (2009). Investigating chemistry: a forensic science perspective (2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 1429209895.Whitten, Kenneth W.; Peck, Larry; Davis, Raymond E.; Lockwood, Lisa; Stanley, George G. (2009). Chemistry (9th ed.). ISBN 0-495-39163-8.Zumdahl, Steven; DeCoste, Donald (2013).  Chemical Principles  (7th ed.). Mary Finch.

Free Online Learning Options for Missouri K-12 Students

Free Online Learning Options for Missouri K-12 Students Many states offer free online public school options to in-state resident students. In Missouri, unfortunately, there are currently no year-round free online public schools. However, no-cost options are available through government-funded charter schools and for students in special situations. Below is a list of no-cost options available to Missouri students from kindergarten to high school. In order to qualify for the list, schools must meet the following qualifications: classes must be available completely online, schools  must offer services to state residents, and the schools must be funded by the government. These virtual education options include charter schools,  statewide  public programs, and private programs that receive government funding. Missouri Virtual Instruction Program The Missouri Virtual Instruction Program (MoVIP) was established in 2007 and offers online courses to Missouri K-12 students. MoVIP is a tuition program offering courses to public, private, and homeschooled students. Students enroll in MoVIP for a variety of reasons: MoVIP offers advanced courses, including foreign language courses, that are not available in most local school districts.Taking MoVIP courses allows students to solve scheduling problems and even graduate early.MoVIP allows students who cannot attend their local schools for medical or other reasons to take courses and earn education credits. Online education offers students flexibility.  MoVIP courses are self-paced so that students can move through them at a faster or slower pace, depending on their  individual learning needs. MoVIP offers about 250 different courses, including foreign language and Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Each semester’s tuition costs $3,600. Parents are responsible for paying tuition unless the accredited local school district opts to cover the cost. If your local school district is unaccredited, it is required to cover the cost of tuition. There are currently six unaccredited school districts in Missouri. In cases where students are unable to attend their local school due to a long-term (six weeks or longer) medical condition, the state will cover the MoVIP tuition. Missouri Online Summer Institute The Missouri Online Summer Institute is a fully accredited program run by  the Grandview R-II School District that provides a full range of virtual courses to engage students and promote academic success through multimedia features, virtual labs, embedded educational games, and other dynamic content. The program offers: More than 100 core and elective coursesBoth original credit and recovery credit courses1.0 credit year-long courses and 0.5 credit semester-based coursesMissouri-certified teachers for all coursesNew career readiness (CTE) coursesAP courses The Missouri Online Summer Institute is open to all  Missouri resident students  in grades 7-12. Students are responsible for providing their own computers and internet access. Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Many states, including Missouri, offer tuition-free online education for resident students under a certain age (often 21). Most virtual schools are charter schools  that receive government funding and are run by private organizations. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly to make sure that they meet state standards. A few states choose to fund â€Å"seats† for students in private online schools. The number of available seats is usually limited and students are asked to apply through their public school guidance counselor. Choosing a Missouri Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny.

Contrasting the English and French Court Decisions in Dallah v Essay

Contrasting the English and French Court Decisions in Dallah v Pakistan - Essay Example The concept of Arbitration is a process by which parties which are bound by a contract can choose to settle disputes without engaging in any time-consuming litigation process. In most cases the parties enter into an agreement in their respective contracts about the arbitration methods that will be employed in case of any disputes that could happen in future. In some other cases such arbitration can also remain a statuary requirement. The process of Arbitration is being governed through various statues in different countries has acquired international recognition via conventions such as the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (New York Convention).1 For many reasons Arbitration is the most sought after option than litigation as the process is quicker and also involves lesser expenses and a higher degree of transparency compared to litigations. Also in cases where a lower judicial standard could possibly compromise the outcome of a case, arbitration is the preferred choice for resolving disputes. In addition, cases of multinational companies which usually include parties to settle international disputes in contracts and where a higher degree of confidentiality is at stake; the process of arbitration would be more suitable to settle such discrete cases compared to the court litigations. In some other cases arbitration can be preferred by parties in order to ensure control of the proceedings throughout the case which could be vital for making crucial decisions. In the arbitration process parties usually have their choice of representation who would be involved in presenting their arguments in the case. Individuals with the necessa ry skills and legal expertise are mostly chosen to contend on their behalf. In addition, the parties also have considerable say in the appointment of the chairperson for the arbitration process. Choosing the process of Arbitration also provide parties

Spss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spss - Essay Example The coefficient of correlation r is 0.004877, which shows a weak positive correlation between the total revenue and C.E.O’s annual salary. If total revenue increases the annual salary of the C.E.O’s also increases slightly. The U.S. Senate passed S. 1023, the "Travel Promotion Act of 2009" (TPA) in September, 2009. TPA calls for the establishment of the Corporation for Travel Promotion as an independent nonprofit corporation to promote leisure, business and scholarly visits to the U.S. In October, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Travel Promotion Act (H.R. 1035), sending this bill back to the Senate for one last vote. The U.S. Senate finally passed this Bill (78 to 10) on February 25, 2010 and President Obama signed the Travel Promotion Act of 2009 into law on March 4, 2010. This Act calls for the creation of the Corporation for Travel Promotion (now Brand USA) which will allocate financial resources to promote the U.S. as an international destination. The promotion is funded through a matching program featuring up to $100 million in private sector contributions and a $10 fee on foreign travelers who do not pay $131 for a visa to enter the United States. The fee will be collected once every two years in conjunction with the Department of Homeland Security’s Electronic System for Travel Authorization. No money is provided by U.S. taxpayers.  It is estimated that international promotion will generate 1.6 million addition international visitors to the U.S. and create $1.6 billion in visitor spending annually. Japan is targeted as one of the major countries for aggressive promotion by the Tourism Industries Office in the Department of Commerce and Brand USA (the newly created public and private partnership responsible for marketing USA implemented by the Travel Promotion Act). As a tourism market analyst specialized in Japan inbound travel to the U.S., you

Did the Expatriate Nurses Training Program enhance staff satisfaction Essay

Did the Expatriate Nurses Training Program enhance staff satisfaction and reduce burnout - Essay Example important to not the reason why the evidence based practice is applicable in hospitals in order to improve the quality of enhancing and care for the satisfaction of nurses in the reduction of burnout. There is a time when the University of Pennsylvania embarked on a research titled Maslach Burnout Inventory where the nurses were analyzed in relation to job related issues such as attitude. A comparison was done on the percentages found on burnout nurses in relation to catheter associated urinary tract infections and surgical site infections. They results showed that there was an increase in the number of burnout nurses in every additional CAUTI while there was an addition of nurse in every two SSIs in relation to 1000 patients. Looking at the numbers from one angle it would be said that it is not a big deal (Beyea & Slattery, 2006). However, reports indicate that the cost of dealing with these cases include $749 to $832 for each case involving CAUTIs. At the same time, it would cost $11,087 to $29,443 for each case involving SSIs. This number can be reduced. In case the number is reduced by 30 percent, it is discovered that there will be prevention of 4,160 cases of infections making it possible for the institution to save $41 million. Evidence based practice otherwise known as EBP is a practice, which is recommended by the medical practitioners in improving the working conditions of the nurses. The main determining factor that makes the practice to be applicable is through integration of various aspects. The first issue involves the opinions indicated by the clinical expertise. This also involves evidence from external scientists (Kim & Mallory, 2014). These aspects are also applicable to caregivers, patients and clients who are on the verger of ensuring that the quality of services being delivered is of high quality. These services are expected to reflect the interest of the entire stakeholders involved in the medical practice. These can be in the form of

Road Safety Essay Example for Free

Road Safety Essay Hai friends, teachers and the judges on the dice my name is santhiya from VIII ‘B’. I am here to give you a small speech about road safety. Road safety refers to method and measure for reducing the risk of a person using the road network being killed or seriously injured. Road traffic crashes are one of the World’s largest public health and injury prevention problems. According to World’s Health Organization, more than a million people are killed on the world’s road each year. A report published by the WHO in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured in traffic collisions on the road around children 10-19 years of age. Most of the roads crowned that is, made so that they have rounded surfaces, to reduce standing water and ice, primarily to prevent frost damage but also increasing traction in poor weather. Poor road surface can lead to safety problems. Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with Cat’s eye or Botts dot, bright reflector that do not fade like paint. Turning across traffic poses several risks. Pedestrians and cyclist are among the most vulnerable road users and in some countries over half of all road deaths. During the 1990s a new approach, known as ‘sharped space’ was developed which removed many features in some places has attracted the attention of authorities around the world. The approach was developed by Hans Monderman who believed that ‘‘if you treat drivers like idiots, they act like idiots’’ and proposed that trusting drivers to behave was more successful than forcing them to behave. Major highways including motors, freeways, Autobahnen and Interstates are designed for safety high-speed operation and generally have lower levels of injury per vehicle km than other roads. More people die on the hard shoulder than on the highway itself. Without other vehicles passing a parked car, following drivers are unaware that the vehicle is parked, despite hazard light. 30% of the highway crashes that occurs in the vicinity of toll collection booth in the countries that have them, these can be reduced by switching to electronic toll systems. Safety can be improved in various ways depending on the transport taken. The main way to stay safe while traveling by bus or coach is as follow: †¢At the bus stop, always follow the queue. †¢Do not sit, stand or travel on the footboard of the bus. †¢Do not put any part of your body outside a moving or a stationary bus. Some countries or states have already implemented some of the ideas pay-as-you-drive adjusts insurance coasts according to when and where the person drives. Since 1999 the EuroRAP initiative has been assessing major roads in Europe with a road protection score. RoadPeace was formed in 1991 in the United Kingdom to advocate for better road safety and founded World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims in 1993 which received support from the United Nations General Assembly in 2005. Some road-safety groups argue that the problem of road safety being stated in the wrong terms because most safety measures are designed to increase the safety measures are designed to increase the safety of drivers, but many road traffic casualties are not drivers, and those measures which increases the driver safety may, perversely, increases the risk to these others, through risk to these others, through risk compensation.

Burkina Faso :: History

Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a small country located in Western Africa, north of Ghana, it's total land area is 274,200 sq km. The terrain is mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast. Some of it's natural resources are manganese, limestone, marbleand small deposits of gold. The irrigated land in Burkina Faso is only a mere 160 sq km. The population is 10,422,828 (July 1995 est.) of which 50% is under the age of 15. Burkina Faso is a country with a rapidly increasing population in relation to the growth of food supply and other human necessities. The countries population is growing rapidly and the country is not able to adequately feed, shelter, and provide the basic human needs. The situation is not improving, it is getting worse with each year. The very near future could be disastrous for the people of Burkina Faso. The possible solutions in overcoming this problem are not plentiful and all have their drawbacks, and moral issues. One option would be to try to increase the death rate, and at the same time lower the birth rate. Another can be to try to raise the environmental limits so that food supply would adequate. Or the other option can be that we do nothing and wait. These are just some options that I think are the most applicable to the case in which Burkina Faso is currently facing. Of all three the most appealing solution to me is number one. That solution might be a little slower then other options but I believe it is the best approach for the country. The first option, to increase death rates and lower the birth rates would be the best choice. This option would be best because of the situation that is in Burkina Faso. The spread of HIV/AIDS has become an important issue in Burkina Faso, where the national statistics estimate that between 4 and 7 percent of the population is seropositive. While these rates are low in comparison to countries of East Africa, they place Burkina Faso second after Cote d'Ivoire among West African countries most affected by the epidemic. Burkina Faso's health problems include a high prevalence of many endemic diseases, poor case management by the health system and a weak infrastructure, with health centres that are geographically or financially inaccessible to most of those they are meant to serve.

Illegal Trade And Human Wildlife Conflict Environmental Sciences Essay

The extinction and hazard of magnetic mega-fauna is happening at an accelerated gait despite the conjunct action of concerned groups and persons worldwide. The extinction of these animate beings defies all of the international interaction that has been forcing for the convalescence and stabilizing of these flagship species. When turn toing the complicated fortunes that the different animate beings face, preservation groups find inordinately complex and extremely sensitive state of affairss and factors environing their species. Sensitivity can originate in state of affairss like the followers: the appropriation of traditional autochthonal land for habitat preservation of the animate being in inquiry. Complexity can be seen in the undermentioned state of affairs ; the debasement of the quarry species population for the preservation animate being, taking to the animate being assailing farm animal doing revenge violent deaths by the proprietors of farm animal. This is an issue compounded with economic every bit good as societal elements that push environmentalists to be advanced and experimental with their preservation attempts. The confrontation between environmentalists and these socio-economic obstructions are common phenomena in the sphere of international preservation. Each animate being that is being protected has a alone and original job confronting it. The solution to these jobs must be tailored specifically for that animate being and for the people straight affected by the animate being. However, irrespective of the singularity of the animate being ‘s state of affairs, environmentalists can larn from past instances. The rudimentss of preservation attempts such as: edifice a preservation program, accommodating it to the local community, blockading illegal activities, and happening advanced solutions are all learned throughout the procedure and past attempts and instances can impart penetration and counsel. A cardinal component nowadays in preservation of big bodied animate beings populating remote and developing countries is human-wildlife struggle. For environmentalists, human-wildlife struggle can be really sensitive and oftentimes is the basis of their preservation program. In Durban, South Africa in 2004 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) held a World ‘s Park Conference ( WPC ) about â€Å" Making Coexistence † sing human-wildlife struggle faced by environmentalists as a profession. HWC was the highlighted issue of this international conference. Harmonizing to the WPC, HWC is a consequence of the demands of wildlife negatively impacting human ends or demands and frailty versa. This becomes critical when people negatively affected by wildlife feel that their demands are subordinated to the demands of the wildlife[ 1 ]. The WPC besides discussed the germinating job of rapid human development and substructure growing in much of what were preponderantly wildlife countries. This normally means that most preservation countries are the staying fragments of what used to be wildlife but are now dominated by human development. Major home ground decrease and increased human habitation has resulted in increased intersection of wildlife and people, in consequence more HWC is happening. Along with HWC another country of preservation concern revolves around illegal trafficking, poaching, and hunting of endangered animate beings. This is a planetary activity that outputs moneymaking returns and an easiness of entree since the animate being is a natural resource that is being exploited. Since illegal trafficking is a planetary endeavor that normally entails developed communicating and exchange webs throughout different states, it takes an international attempt to stem the trade of endangered species. It is because of this trouble that in 1975 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) was created. This is an international understanding between the authoritiess of different states to supervise and discourage the trade of endangered speciesto protect the species from development and finally entire extinction. CITES is a legal model that can be used to implement the agreed upon international criterions nevertheless each p arty of the pact wishes. This gives a step of protection for the species nevertheless the enforcement of the convention depends on the tightness of the authorities and the resources that the state has. Often the trade of illegal animate beings occurs in tandem, hence environmentalists and people implementing the convention can utilize illustrations of other attempts to halt the trade. Since instances of illegal trade in wildlife can be so similar in signifier, the effects and solutions of one instance can be extrapolated and imprinted upon another instance. HWC and illegal trafficking of protected species appear to be two unrelated state of affairss that would hold small in common. However, both attract similar groups of militants i.e. environmentalists, preservation organisations, research workers, scientists, economic experts, and of class the people who enforce the legal regulations sing the protected animate beings. This paper deals with the inquiry of what can be learned from the success and failure of HWC direction and illegal trafficking enforcement. Both of these apparently unrelated preservation concerns can frequently happen in the same countries and trade with the same species. The empirical instance of the snow leopard illustrates the causes, effects, preservation programs, and advanced solutions that can be used for both HWC and illegal trafficking. The instance involves: the complicated state of affairss that the snow leopard finds itself in throughout its home ground, the scope of jobs that environmentalists are covering with, and the jobs dealt with in the yesteryear. To discourse this instance decently the following subdivisions will travel as follows: background, human-wildlife instance, illegal trafficking instance, discussion/analysis, and decisions.Background:The snow leopard ( Uncia uncia ) is a felid species with a scope crossing 12 different states in Central Asia and the Him alayan part: Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Tajikistan, China, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and India[ 2 ]. There are an estimated 4,500-7,500[ 3 ]snow leopards left in their natural home grounds. However, since snow leopards are elusive, preferring cragged, bouldery, and frequently difficult to make topographic points it is hard to acquire a precise count of the species. Snow leopards are top marauders so understanding the wellness of the snow leopard populations can bespeak the overall wellness of that ecosystem. This can be an of import tool in wildlife preservation. The state of affairs of the snow leopard is complex. A 3rd of the entire scope of the snow leopard crosses international boundaries, doing snow leopard monitoring and preservation vulnerable to international struggle caused by interstate difference or aggression.[ 4 ]Another complication is the sensitive nature of snow leopard preservation refering local dwellers. Where the scope of the snow leopard intersects human habitation it is chiefly in hapless countries with developing, mostly pastoral or agro-pastoral economic systems. The addition in protected snow leopard preservation countries occurs in or around these poorer communities and local dwellers frequently resent the presence of wildlife officers and preservation groups. Although many countries have been set aside for preservation usage, local people still maintain the right to utilize them in their traditional ways. Snow leopard attacks on local farm animal and the relatiative violent deaths that can result make a human-wildli fe struggle that can endanger snow leopard endurance. The farness and expansivity of the snow leopards scope creates a stratum of cultural differences in communities within the snow leopard ‘s home ground. These differences alter the socio-economic causes of snow leopard diminution and the parametric quantities of human-wildlife struggle. This necessitates a alone and intricate preservation action programs for each community in a preservation country. Snow leopards face a myriad of challenges to their endurance. Outside of relatiative violent deaths by local dwellers and human-wildlife struggle, the other major causes of snow leopard diminution are runing and poaching. These are issues that involve international jurisprudence and are facilitated by a globalized consumer economic system. However there have been initial actions to cover with this menace to the snow leopards. When CITES was created in 1975 the snow leopard was added to the CITES Appendix 1 list of endangered species which granted it international protection from illegal trafficking, trade, and poaching. Not all 12 provinces in the scope of the snow leopard were members of CITES in 1975 and some late joined every bit tardily as the 1990s.[ 5 ]Snow leopards have hence been exposed to continued poaching and trafficking in many countries without legal protection. In 1985 the Convention on Migratory Species ( CMS ) added the snow leopard to the Appendix 1 list of protecte d species.[ 6 ]This should hold given the snow leopard some protection since its scope crosses 12 different states. However, the snow leopard population has continued to worsen and in 2002 at the Bonn CoP for the CMS the snow leopard became a conjunct action species. In malice of the enterprises that have been taken to forestall snow leopard extinction in 2002 the CMS estimated that the snow leopard population had declined by approximately 50 % by the 1990s.[ 7 ]Human-wildlife Case:Researchers Rodney Jackson and Rinchen Wangchuk researched relatiative violent deaths by local people in the Hemis National Park located in snow leopard district. Their intent was to understand the grounds for snow leopard requital violent deaths and to research possible solutions to this HWC. When they conducted their research, there were about 1,600 persons spread out in approximately 16 separate communities in the Hemis country. There was some little scale agribusiness but farm animal was the chief bus iness in the country. The research worker ‘s chief method was to interview local families about their farm animal and snow leopard onslaughts. What they found was that a bulk of families had lost anyplace from 1 to 15 % of their herd.[ 8 ]This represents a monolithic loss for local families in developing economic systems extremely dependent on their farm animal for both nutrient and income. In this instance survey, the research workers found that the major issue loaning to the drastic sum of snow leopard predation happening was that livestock populations were significantly larger than the natural quarry of the snow leopards of this part. This created an instability in the distribution of available quarry for the snow leopard and Lent itself to higher snow leopard predation of farm animal. This is often the instance in a assortment of countries near snow leopard protected countries. Mishra et Al, found that rangeland in a peculiar country in the Spiti Valley was 80 % overstocke d with farm animal. These countries ‘ were resource depleted and the farm animal was potentially out-competing the natural herbivores.[ 9 ]This would make an environment that would let for higher farm animal depredation by snow leopards if the natural quarry of the leopard was being outcompeted by farm animal. Outside the simple addition in livestock population, Jackson and Wangchuk found that alternate causes for the increased snow leopard predation had to make with local crowding wonts. These included negligent daylight observation, penetrable and inadequately constructed animate being pens, and croping in countries of premier snow leopard habitation. In this case, the local persons were conformable to take parting in an Appreciative Inquiry and Participatory Learning Action ( APPA ) program to assist the local community cut down and extenuate livestock loss while halting requital violent deaths. This involved accepting outside aid of some kind, the small town of Markha opted for marauder proofing their carnal pens to cut down snow leopard predation. The research worker ‘s end was to develop a sustainable program by conserving the snow leopard populations non at the disbursal of the support of the local dwellers of the Hemis National Park and cut downing one of the chief causes of HWC. Another research worker, Naho Ikeda, working in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area ( KCA ) in Nepal looked at the effects of snow leopard predation in local small towns on the reactivity of local persons to some signifier of community action program such as the one Jackson and Wangchuk initiated in Markha. The villagers felt that an insurance or ‘compensation program ‘ would non be wholly just or realistic. Any program created without the support of the villagers would make nil to cut down the negative feelings associated with snow leopards or extenuate any harm they would do. The concluding for their uncertainties about the program revolved around the issue that they would non have adequate money for the lost farm animal to do the loss less critical and that for some households with medium to little herds any loss could be lay waste toing to their fiscal stableness. In Ikeda ‘s decisions, he suggested two things ; the community should make a program that would suit ably suit their demands and villagers with smaller flocks be taken into consideration since they can potentially endure the most.[ 10 ]These characteristics would necessitate to be addressed and corrected if any preservation program were to be implemented in this country. Otherwise the root of the HWC would simply be repressed and would take to resentment against the snow leopards and the preservation groups.Illegal Trade Case:Illegal trade in snow leopard organic structure parts, pelt, tegument, and unrecorded specimens is an industry on the rise. The trade of illegal animate beings is connected with the HWC jobs in the last subdivision but both jobs are non co-dependent or attendant. Often Herders who engage in a retaliatory violent death will seek to capitalise on the snow leopard and sell the dead specimen for its tegument, castanetss, or pelt.[ 11 ]Retaliatory killing nevertheless is non the primary motive for illegal trade in snow leopards, it is instead a simple side benefit that timeserving persons who take advantage to derive excess income. That is approximately the extent of connection between causes of HWC and illegal trade. Trafficking and trade of snow leopards was really popular in the mid 20th century and the rapid diminution that was subsequently seen in the snow leopard populations precipitated assorted international actions to protect the species. The trade in snow leopard pelt was so permeant that the International Fur Trade Federation ( IFTF ) wanted a moratorium in 1971 on the snow leopard tegument trade.[ 12 ]The snow leopard was put on CITES and CMS Appendix 1 protected species, and the Convention on Biological Diversity besides instituted protective steps for the snow leopard.[ 13 ]However these enterprises have non seen the betterment desirable for preservation attempts, in fact harmonizing to a Traffic International study issued in 2003, in some countries poaching and trafficking has been on the rise, in peculiar in Kyrgyzstan which has had a drastic addition in snow leopard violent deaths.[ 14 ]Besides harmonizing to this study there has been an addition in trade in the part of the Russia n Federation and countries of Central Asia.[ 15 ]A research worker in Baltistan, Pakistan reported snow leopards poached each winter in this country. They were trapped and beaten to decease so that no gun shooting will impair the fur of the leopard.[ 16 ]This is unreassuring for this state sing an already bing negative sentiment towards the species. China has one of the largest markets for the trade in snow leopard parts ; this can be extremely debatable since China besides has the largest population of snow leopards.[ 17 ]Snow leopard trade is commonplace in many Chinese markets and it is readily available and moneymaking for those involved. Leopard castanetss are used in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medical specialty and in assorted autochthonal rites which make trade a necessary portion for parts forbiding to these beliefs.[ 18 ]However, it is non merely China that is the perpetrator of illegal snow leopard trade. The Traffic study stated that all 12 scope provinces trade snow leopard animate beings or parts of animate beings which intimates that this is a globalized industry.[ 19 ]This market is non merely driven by local demands but has broader international beginnings. Two illustrations of this are the resuscitating fur trade in Afghanistan due to Westerners, and snow leopards that are illicitly brought into the Middle East and Europe.[ 20 ]This is particularly distressing since there are many international understandings in topographic point to forestall this from happening.Discussion/Analysis:In the Hemis National Park, the major cause of snow leopard onslaughts on local farm animal can arguably be placed at the pess of the local Herders and pastoralists. Their substructure and guarding patterns made them susceptible to snow leopard onslaughts and the disproportional sum of farm animal compared to natural herbivores made the farm animal vulnerable to snow leopard onslaught. Jackson and Wangchuk estimate a 3:1 farm animal to natural herbivore quarry ratio in the preservation countries and a potentially larger ratio difference outside the protected countries.[ 21 ]From the position of the environmentalists, the requital violent deaths would potentially be undue. However, viewed from the position of the local agro-pastoralists who are to a great extent dependent upon farm animal there is a different position. Increased Numberss of farm animal mean greater economic stableness in their families and potentially less worry sing nutrient, apparels, and protection. Being dependent upon farm animal agencies that any loss is important and can cut down families to destitution. This makes the local dwellers really vulnerable to the snow leopard populations in the country. It can be argued that from the position of the local villagers the snow leopard population jeopardizes the support and wellness of local communities if left unbridled. Jackson and Wangchuk, and several other grass root conservationists achieved a blending of the demands of both the local community and the snow leopards. By giving the villagers of Markha the financess and the assistance to construct marauder cogent evidence pens they are work outing one of the major causes of livestock depredation. With the engagement and committedness of the community in the action program, there is a feeling of ownership and regard for the snow leopards. The range of the APPA is long term with an accent on increased touristry and capitalisation of the tourer economic system. This would enable the community to increase their supports at the addition of the snow leopard communities and potentially lead to a decrease in dependance on farm animal. All of this was possible due to the reasonably conformable attitude of the villagers of Markha in the Hemis National Park and due to the specifically tailored preservation program created by Jackson and Wangchuk. However, this is non ever the instance in different countries of snow leopard habitation. Harmonizing to Shafqat Hussain, the Annapurna Conservation country and the Indian Trans-Himalayan parts had high degrees of snow leopard violent deaths.[ 22 ]A research instance done by Madan Oli et.al, in the Annapurna Conservation country showed that 59.1 % of villagers considered obliteration of snow leopard populations to be the lone solution and another 35.3 % wanted to seek obliteration ab initio followed by an alternate solution if it failed.[ 23 ]This negative attitude will straight impact preservation attempts and worsen the HWC in these countries dramatically. In these cases, the illustration of Jackson and Wangchuk could be extremely valuable. The research workers located the root cause and created an attractive solution along with a signifier of alternate income for the villagers of Markha which allowed the villagers to hold economic addition based on the endurance of the snow leopar ds. This transmutation of the job into a solution is of import in every preservation country. Acknowledging the alone circumstance of each small town and each country allows for more in-depth and sustainable solutions. There has been considerable work done late with different action programs in these developing communities that provide an insurance program for lost farm animal. Some authoritiess of scope provinces have created insurance programs for farmers/pastoralists that suffer livestock depredation due to snow leopards. These programs unluckily are normally ineffective and insufficient for the members of the program. The support is slow and unsure, the members merely receive a fraction of the market value, the procedure takes a markedly long clip, and bureaucratic issues can bog payments down.[ 24 ]The promise of recompense ends up going a larger issue and forces the members of the program to accept something less than what they were promised. This was something that Jackson and Wangchuk avoided with their APPA program. There is some sentiment among the environmentalist community that local insurance programs are really non good to local communities or wildlife. This would intend that a bulk of the local action being taken by preservation groups like The Snow Leopard Conservancy, The Snow Leopard Trust, WWF, and many others are non come oning towards the overall end of salvaging the snow leopard populations. Using an analytical theoretical account based on the clip in labour spent between different industries like farming versus hunting, a group of research workers looked into the issue of the benefits gained from insurance programs. The research workers found that when local households spend less clip runing the animate beings doing harm to their harvest or farm animal so they spend more clip agriculture. This means that increased land is being converted into farming land which creates badly negative effects for wildlife due to a farther loss of home ground.[ 25 ]The research workers suggested cert ain guidelines for preservation groups to follow that would avoid this result for illustration ; seting accent on surrogate signifiers of income coevals, punishing land transition versus funding it, and other actions that would enable a successful compensatory program for all parties. It is non clear if the ability to change over land into farming area is executable in many small towns that deal with snow leopards given the alpine tundra terrain. However, the liberating up of labour spent in relatiative violent deaths could let pastoralists to utilize more labour in increasing flock size and therefore go on the frequently skewed ratio between farm animal and natural herbivores. This could intensify the farm animal depredation issue particularly if protective steps in preservation countries allow for an addition in snow leopard population. This is non a far off decision since many rural countries are transitioning from a swap to a market based economic system with accent on commercial farm animal economic systems.[ 26 ]Given the assortment and expansivity of the snow leopard scope there are multiple countries where the direct issue of freed labour being invested into increased land transition could be an issue. It is positive to observe nevertheless that many environmentalist groups and park organisations are interested in non merely protecting the snow leopard species, but besides in enriching and easing the local communities. In the Kanchenjunga Conservation country, KWC park officers created multiple plans for local villagers that dealt with authorization of adult females and kids. These plans besides helped learn and educate villagers in different industries like run uping or accounting.[ 27 ] Attempts like the KWC plans are a critical portion of the hereafter of preservation for countries affected by snow leopard preservation. As the WPC stated at their conference in Durban, preservation countries are fast going the staying fragments of the natural home ground as human development accelerates. This is true for most countries and in peculiar, land about snow leopard preservation countries. Harmonizing to researcher Charudutt Mishra, pastoralists around the Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary have a treble addition in livestock size due to the commercialisation of the industry and the rapid development of rural communities. There has been growing of all sorts, including increased literacy rates, school building, and electricity entree.[ 28 ]All of these elements increase the quality of life for members of these communities, but the growing in population and increased industry will endanger the home grounds and preservation countries of the snow leopard. This struggle of involvement i s a beginning of HWC, as the WPC explained ; human-wildlife struggle can go a struggle between people on either side of the issue, non merely a struggle between people and animate beings.[ 29 ]This does non hold to be the sole contingency and for many preservation enterprises it will non be due to the advanced and originative attempts of communities and environmentalists. Many preservation groups are implementing plans similar to the 1 at KWC, the plans will supply more dependable and moneymaking signifiers of income for small towns affected by snow leopards. One action program was assisting local villagers create ‘parachute coffeehouse ‘ for tourers that come to trek through the part, in consequence assisting the local people garner a greater sum of income from eco-tourism.[ 30 ]These signifiers of preservation will assist make a sustainable hereafter for the snow leopards every bit good as a stable signifier of economic system for people in the plans. The trade of snow leopards on the black market has been addressed by CITES in general. In their 15th Conference of the Parties ( CoPs ) they talked about making enforcement and patroling squads in the different scope provinces of snow leopard home ground.[ 31 ]This is a critical mark for the international community that the trade in large cats is both endangering to the species and strongly discouraged. This CoP besides encouraged states still non parties to the convention to fall in it, and has resulted in authorising the enforcement of anti-trading and doing the push for preservation of the species more effectual.[ 32 ]There have besides been attempts to stem the trade in snow leopards. A assortment of research is being done by the World Wildlife Fund ( WWF ) to understand why snow leopards are being traded in certain countries and ways to halt it. Other enterprises involve a similar solution to HWC which is to supply alternate signifiers of income and to switch the economic systems of certain countries so they are non dependent on snow leopard poaching/trade. What is decidedly needed is more aggressive and intensive programs to halt black market trade of the snow leopards which continues to fund the poaching, hunting, and trading of this endangered species.Decision:The snow leopard instance is complex and multi-variable in range. This prevents implementing simple preservation programs. Both of the problem-lenses discussed in this paper are two of the most critical issues confronting snow leopards today. Both are globally influenced albeit in somewhat different methods. The trade of snow leopards is fueled by an international demand for the snow leopard organic structure parts and the ordinance of that trade is enforced by an international convention. This is similar to the state of affairs of retaliatory violent deaths which i s being addressed by international preservation groups. Outside groups and persons are invested in both of these issues and outside beginnings can be used at one time to supply a solution. Human-wildlife struggle is a really critical state of affairs because the support of persons is at interest and the holiness of wildlife militias is jeopardized. However, the attempts that have been made late demo really promising beginnings. There have been many compensation plans initiated by local authoritiess that have fallen through and that do nil to extenuate the negativeness that locals feel about snow leopards. Many countries have whole small towns that wish to see the obliteration of the snow leopard. This is a really big index that conservationists need to step up the attempts being made. The overall solution most feasible and likely to bring forth sustainable consequences entails a shifting of the economic systems of these local villagers to an surrogate industry. In countries where most villagers are Herders or pastoralists, the base of their fundss revolves around farm animal. Therefore, snow leopard onslaughts on farm animal are direct menaces to the local villagers. I f there were different income beginnings non reliant on farm animal or farming so the negativeness that is associated with snow leopards would melt. An even more well-founded solution is to utilize the endurance of the snow leopards as a mechanism to convey in money. This would wholly switch the former counter attitude of the villagers to a proactive and good position for the snow leopards. An illustration is the industry of ecotourism, which relies on homestays for trekkers and tourers to remain in while going. This besides emphasizes wildlife and the animate beings that make touristry attractive and furthers preservation. The illegal trade in wildlife has a similar decision and there have been attempts to make these positive decisions. If local dwellers who once hunted the snow leopards for trade and incomewere provided chances to hold preparation and another income bring forthing beginning so the snow leopard trade would diminish. This is kindred to the solution for relatiative violent deaths because both jobs have the same derivative causes of fiscal addition and stableness. The ability to supply nutrient for a household, supply a humane life state of affairs, and an instruction are all touchable possibilities associated with holding money. Therefore both jobs while drastically different in range have a similar solution and an apprehensible connexion can be made between the two. This is one of the chief grounds the instance of the snow leopard was chosen. It demonstrates the jobs of HWC and illegal trafficking of protected animate beings. The snow leopard faces a bombardment of onslaughts on all for eparts and the cardinal characteristics of the snow leopard crises are simple and relatable to other animate beings in similar state of affairss.